This hum is generated by oscillating electric currents induced in sensitive (high gain or high impedance) audio circuitry by the alternating electromagnetic fields emanating from nearby mains-powered devices like power transformers. In the realm of sound reinforcement (as in public address systems and loudspeakers), electric hum is often caused by induction. Additional harmonics above 100/120 Hz will be caused by the non-linear behavior of most common magnetic materials.Īround high-voltage power lines, hum may be produced by corona discharge. Because the magnetic flux density is strongest twice every electrical cycle, the fundamental "hum" frequency will be twice the electrical frequency. The intensity of the fields, and thus the "hum" intensity, is a function of the applied voltage. Magnetostriction is a second source of vibration, in which the core iron changes shape minutely when exposed to magnetic fields.
Onboard aircraft (or spacecraft) the frequency heard is often higher pitched, due to the use of 400 Hz AC power in these settings because 400 Hz transformers are much smaller and lighter.Įlectric hum around transformers is caused by stray magnetic fields causing the enclosure and accessories to vibrate. Mains hum may also be heard coming from powerful electric power grid equipment such as utility transformers, caused by mechanical vibrations induced by magnetostriction in magnetic core. Because of the presence of mains current in mains-powered audio equipment as well as ubiquitous AC electromagnetic fields from nearby appliances and wiring, 50/60 Hz electrical noise can get into audio systems, and is heard as mains hum from their speakers. The sound often has heavy harmonic content above 50/60 Hz. 100/120 Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency. The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60 Hz, i.e.
Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity.
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